Evaluation of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL)
Irshad Ali Magsi, Nazish Jaffar, Aqsa Noureen, Aliya Zaman, Ghulam Murtaza Jamali, Humaira Ahmed, Hareem Arshad, Muhammad Wasi Abbas, Shahwar Bughio
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ABSTRACT
Background: The present
study evaluated the chromosomal and molecular variations in patients of acute
myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL).
Methods and
Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of
Oncology at a tertiary care center between April 2018 and June 2021. A total of
314 cases of acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias were evaluated. Molecular and
cytogenetic tests were conducted on these patients. Peripheral and bone marrow
smears of all the subjects were sent to the laboratory for molecular and
cytogenetic studies. The diagnosis was confirmed with morphology and specific
staining, such as Gimsa, myeloperoxidase, molecular, and cytogenetic findings.
The results of BM karyotype were classified as normal diploid, hypo and hyper
diploid, complex karyotype, and pseudo-diploid. Data was explored using Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.
Results: A total of
314 patients were included in the study. Around 40 percent were diagnosed with
AML while the 60% had ALL. The mean age of patients was 31.5 +/- 5.6 years. The
karyotype revealed that 55.4% were normal diploid, 5.2% were hypo-diploid, 8.4%
were hyper-diploid, 18.54% were pseudo-diploid, and the remainder had complex
karyotype. A significant difference was observed between the acute leukemia and
mean age (P < 0.001). The mean age of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients
was significantly higher than acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). The pseudodiploid
pattern was meaningfully more frequent in the AML patients compared with that
in the MDS and ALL patients (P < 0.001). Chromosomal abnormalities including
monosomy of chromosome 14 and trisomy of chromosome 3 were the most prevalent.
Conclusion: The current
study revealed the variations in the chromosomal abnormalities in patients with
acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). The specific
patterns associated with particular leukemia can help establish early
diagnosis.
Keywords: acute myeloid
leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chromosome, hematology, malignancy