ABSTRACT

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a dangerous illness associated with a significant risk for cardiovascular and kidney problems in diabetic patients. Serum cystatin C levels may rise in diabetic individuals with microalbuminuria, and it has been recommended as an endogenous glomerular filtration rate (GFR) marker because of its link to the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in diabetic nephropathy. Uncontrolled diabetes was found to have a greater level of fibrinogen; in diabetic nephropathy, fibrinogen levels are important. In addition, fibrinogen has been associated to inflammation and has been demonstrated to play a crucial pathophysiologic role in the advancement of renal impairment in individuals.

Methods: The author has no intention of commenting on the molecular role of cystatin C, a cysteine protease inhibitor, or the disrupted haemostatics mechanism in fibrinogen-induced diabetes. in this study, which is expected to investigate views on using the cystatin C as well as plasma fibrinogen plasma levels like an early markers of nephrotic syndrome. Therefore, 4 important clinical datasets were reviewed, including the EMBASE, PubMed and The Cochrane Library, Medline, Google Scholar and a few additional related journals datasets, as well as relevant records were collected with high precision.‎

Conclusion: When compared to the frequently used creatinine-based predictions, cystatin C is a good marker for diagnosing nephropathy in patients with normal albuminuria, and it may enhance the risk prediction in diabetics. Even before the complication of chronic kidney disease symptoms, Cystatin C levels in urine might be raised in diabetic individuals. Additional investigation into cystatin C and fibrinogen functions as early biomarkers, clinical value in screening, involvement in prognosis, decrease of inflammation and prediction of medication clearance, and drug monitoring in type II diabetic, nephropathy is needed.‎

Keywords: cystatin C, fibrinogen, nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, biomarkers