The cytologicalPapanicolaou test and primary human papilloma virus screening are often performed to detect cervical carcinomas and pre-carcinomic lesions, that is critical for cervical cancer restriction and therapy. ASCUS or LSIL patients should be continuously followed since some may develop CIN2+. Women who test positive for HPV may develop cervical dysplasia, reversible precancerous lesions, and, in the worst-case scenario, invasive cervical cancer. As a consequence, an effective biomarker must be developed to distinguish distinct individuals based on early screening findings. Cell growth is shown by Ki-67, whereas cell cycle arrest is induced by p16, a cell cycle regulator.They couldn't co-express in the identical cervical epithelial cells under normal circumstances. HR-HPV infection has disrupted the cell cycle, predisposing to the formation of high-grade cervical epithelial lesions, according to the co-expression of these two indicators. There's growing evidence that p16/Ki-67 dual staining cytology might be employed as an substitute biomarker for detecting high-grade CIN and cervical cancer with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The current research discusses the benefits of p16/Ki-67 dual staining, as well as how it may be used to screen for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.

Keywords: human papilloma virus, cytology, Peshawar, cervical cancer screening, CIN, p16/Ki-67 dual-staining